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	<title>TAP Canada &#187; health effects</title>
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	<description>Tritium Awareness Project</description>
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		<title>Risks of tritium on health could be underestimated &#8211; Le Monde</title>
		<link>http://tapcanada.org/wordpress/?p=892</link>
		<comments>http://tapcanada.org/wordpress/?p=892#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 09 Jul 2010 17:00:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>tap-canada</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[News stories]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Scientific papers]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[health effects]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[pollution]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://tapcanada.org/?p=892</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Director General of the French nuclear regulator, Autorite de Surete Nucleaire, Jean-Christophe Niel, calls on nuclear operators to control their tritium emissions in this article from Le Monde dated July 8, 2010. The risks of tritium on health could be underestimated The risks of tritium &#8211; the radioactive form of hydrogen &#8211; could be undervalued [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Director General of the French nuclear regulator, Autorite de Surete Nucleaire, Jean-Christophe Niel, calls on nuclear operators to control their tritium emissions in this article from Le Monde dated July 8, 2010.</p>
<p><span style="font-size: medium;">The risks of tritium on health could be underestimated</span></p>
<p>The risks of tritium &#8211; the radioactive form of hydrogen &#8211; could be undervalued because it could be bound into the DNA of cells, according to experts who participated in a White Paper published on Thursday July 8 by the French Nuclear Safety Authority (ASN). <span id="more-892"></span>In France, the overall impact of tritium releases is low however: ASN officials emphasized at the outset of the press conference: the average annual dose is a thousand times smaller than the threshold limit of 1 mSv, a unit which measures its radioactive effects in the human body.</p>
<p>Tritium is a radioactive element considered &#8220;slightly toxic&#8221; if one takes into account the average energy deposited in a body, said Dr Patrick Smeesters of the Belgian Federal Agency for Nuclear Control who chaired various &#8220;thinking groups” created at the initiative of the ASN in 2009. But tritium may be combined with certain cellular components, even DNA, said the expert noting reports of tritium measurements made in the UK, including Sellafield, which has a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. &#8220;In Cardiff Bay, the tritium concentration in marine fauna is 1,000-10,000 times that of seawater&#8221; he said. At Cardiff, &#8220;organic molecules containing tritium were released into the sea&#8221; which may explain this concentration. &#8220;In the case of Sellafield, tritium concentrations in marine fauna concentration were only increased by a factor of 10, but only tritiated water was released.&#8221;</p>
<p>Hence his questions: it is assumed that the nuclear plants release only tritiated water, but what is the real nature of their tritium releases? Do marine micro-organisms play a role in the accumulation of tritium? Tritium, when released as tritiated water, would then be ingested by animals and integrated into complex biological molecules. In an embryo with only a few cells, such organic compounds containing tritium could integrate with their DNA and may cause mutations.</p>
<p>Faced with these issues, the Director-General of the Autorite de Surete Nucleaire (ASN), Jean-Christophe Niel, wants the investigation &#8220;on new approaches in relation to possible hereditary effects”. After the publication of the White Paper of tritium, the ASN intends to establish a &#8220;monitoring committee&#8221; and calls on nuclear operators to control their (tritium) emissions. ASN’s action plan also provides for the monitoring of various forms of tritium in the environment and for assessing their impact.</p>
<p>________________________________________________________________</p>
<h1><span style="font-size: medium;">Les risques du tritium sur la santé pourraient être sous-évalués </span></h1>
<h1 lang="fr-FR"><span style="font-size: medium;">AFP | 08.07.10 | 20h15</span></h1>
<p>Les risques du tritium forme radioactive de l&#8217;hydrogène &#8211; pourraient être sous-évalués car il pourrait s&#8217;intégrer à l&#8217;ADN au coeur des cellules, selon des experts ayant participé à un Livre Blanc publié jeudi par l&#8217;Autorité de sûreté nucléaire. En France, l&#8217;impact global des rejets de tritium est faible, ont cependant tenu à souligner d&#8217;emblée les responsables de l&#8217;ASN lors d&#8217;une conférence de presse: la dose moyenne annuelle est mille fois inférieure au seuil limite de 1 millisievert, une unité prenant en compte les effets sur le corps humain de la radioactivité. Le tritium est un radio-élément considéré &#8220;peu toxique&#8221; si l&#8217;on prend en compte l&#8217;énergie moyenne déposée dans un organe, a expliqué Patrick Smeesters, de l&#8217;Agence fédérale de contrôle nucléaire belge, qui a présidé un des &#8220;groupes de réflexion&#8221; créés à l&#8217;initiative de l&#8217;ASN. Mais lorsqu&#8217;il est associé à certains composants des cellules, il peut agir au coeur même de d&#8217;ADN, a souligné cet expert faisant état de mesures effectuées en Grande-Bretagne, notamment à Sellafield, où se trouve une usine de retraitement de combustibles nucléaires. &#8220;Dans la baie de Cardiff, la concentration en tritium dans la faune marine est 1.000 à 10.000 fois supérieure à celle de l&#8217;eau de mer&#8221;, a-t-il expliqué. Alors qu&#8217;à Cardiff, &#8220;des molécules complexes contenant du tritium étaient rejetées dans la mer&#8221;, ce qui peut expliquer cette concentration, &#8220;dans le cas de Sellafield, l&#8217;augmentation de concentration n&#8217;est que d&#8217;un facteur 10, mais seulement de l&#8217;eau tritiée (avec du tritium) était rejetée&#8221;. D&#8217;où ses interrogations : on présume que les centrales ne rejettent de l&#8217;eau tritiée, qu&#8217;en est-il de la nature réelle des rejets? Est-ce que les microorganismes marins ne jouent pas un rôle dans l&#8217;accumulation du tritium? Cet isotope de l&#8217;hydrogène rejeté sous forme d&#8217;eau tritiée serait ensuite ingéré par les animaux et intégré à des molécules biologiques complexes. Pour un embryon de quelques cellules seulement, de tels composés organiques à base de tritium s&#8217;intégrant à leur ADN risquent de provoquer des mutations. Face à ces questions, le directeur général de l&#8217;ASN Jean-Christophe Niel, souhaite des investigations &#8220;sur de nouvelles approches par rapport à d&#8217;éventuels effets héréditaires&#8221;. Après la publication du &#8220;Livre blanc du tritium&#8221;, l&#8217;ASN entend mettre un place un &#8220;comité de suivi&#8221; et invite les exploitants d&#8217;installations nucléaires à maîtriser leurs rejets. Son plan d&#8217;action prévoit aussi la surveillance du des différentes formes de tritium dans l&#8217;environnement et l&#8217;évaluation de leur impact.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>CNSC tritium whitewash report</title>
		<link>http://tapcanada.org/wordpress/?p=851</link>
		<comments>http://tapcanada.org/wordpress/?p=851#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 21 Jun 2010 16:44:25 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>tap-canada</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Commentary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[health effects]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[regulatory failure]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.tapcanada.org/?p=851</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[TAP advisory board member Dr. Ian Fairlie just sent this comment about the &#8220;Tritium Studies Project Synthesis Report&#8221; , published on the CNSC website here. &#8220;My initial perusal indicates that this another highly slanted, misleading, CNSC defence of the practice of releasing very large amounts of tritium near Canadian nuclear power facilities. It is perhaps revealing that the [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>TAP advisory board member Dr. Ian Fairlie just sent this comment about the &#8220;Tritium Studies Project Synthesis Report&#8221; , published on the CNSC website <a href="http://www.cnsc-ccsn.gc.ca/eng/pdfs/Reports/CNSC_Tritium_Studies_Project_Synthesis_Report_e.pdf">here</a>.</p>
<p>&#8220;My initial perusal indicates that this another highly slanted, misleading, CNSC defence of the practice of releasing very large amounts of tritium near Canadian nuclear power facilities. It is perhaps revealing that the report (Figs 5 and 6) shows high tritium levels very near the SRB facility at Pembroke, but remains silent about the high tritium intakes by people near nuclear power facilities.</p>
<p>The report takes a hesitant one step forward in actually mentioning the ACES and ODWAC reports (for the first time by CNSC). But two steps backward in refraining from discussing the concerns about tritium which led to the reports.</p>
<p>The report has many defects and omissions but the main deficiency is that it ignores the mounting scientific evidence from radiation biology that tritium is a serious health hazard.&#8221;</p>
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		<item>
		<title>One tritium exit sign contains enough radiation for a lethal dose</title>
		<link>http://tapcanada.org/wordpress/?p=556</link>
		<comments>http://tapcanada.org/wordpress/?p=556#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 08 Apr 2009 02:37:24 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>tap-canada</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Commentary]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[CANDU reactors]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[glow-in-the-dark signs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[health effects]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[radioactive waste]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Ontario Power Generation sells waste tritium from CANDU reactors to two Ontario companies that manufacture tritium lights,  SRB Technologies in Pembroke and Shield Source in Peterborough. These companies use the tritium to make self-luminous exit signs. TAP believes that the marketing of radioactive waste in these products should be prohibited. Safer, more effective and more [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Ontario Power Generation sells waste tritium from CANDU reactors to two Ontario companies that manufacture tritium lights,  SRB Technologies in Pembroke and Shield Source in Peterborough. These companies use the tritium to make self-luminous exit signs. TAP believes that the marketing of radioactive waste in these products should be prohibited. Safer, more effective and more energy efficient alternatives are available.</p>
<p>Besides being hazardous during manufacture and disposal, tritium lights and products containing them are hazardous during use. The tritium contained in a single exit sign, if fully oxidized and inhaled would constitute a lethal dose of radiation. Incidents have occurred in the United States where lights have been accidentally or intentionally broken, thus requiring expensive emergency measures including evacuations and decontamination operations.</p>
<p>This and other problems are described in the <a href="http://www.tapcanada.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/problems-with-tritium-exit-signs.pdf">TAP fact sheet</a> &#8220;Problems with tritium exit signs&#8221; available in PDF format for download in the documents section of this website.</p>
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